Nigeria, with a population of over 220 million[i], is the most populous nation in Africa. Huge business potential abounds in the nation. Prospective investors must fully comprehend the business environment, notably the legal and regulatory framework for conducting business within the Country, due to the peculiar nature of the Country. Given that different industries have their peculiar regulatory requirements, therefore a need to fully understand the terrain one wants to venture into and what obtains there.
This article seeks to address the key regulatory frameworks for doing business in Nigeria
- Company Registration:
The Company and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) provide that all foreign entities or any entity at all must register their business in Nigeria with the Corporate Affairs Commission before they can conduct or operate a business in Nigeria. According to the Ministry of Interior’s Handbook on Expatriate Quota Application, Revised 2022, A foreign investor would need to have a minimum share capital of N10,000,000.00 (Ten Million Naira) in order to create a limited liability corporation.
2. Registration with the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission
The Federal Government established the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC) with the primary goal of promoting and encouraging international investments in Nigeria. It acts as a regulatory body for international investors in Nigeria[ii]. Before starting business operations in Nigeria, the agency[iii] mandates that all foreign investors register with it. The Commission will register the business appropriately if it is pleased with all the information provided by the investor. Foreigners are permitted to participate in all sectors of the economy under the NIPC Act, with the exception of those listed on the “negative list.” These industries include those that produce weapons and ammunition, narcotics and psychotropic substances, as well as clothing and equipment for the military and paramilitary.
The Act permits foreigners to own 100% of the shareholding in the company. However, there are two exceptions: the maritime industry (18) and the oil industry, where investments are restricted to fresh production-sharing agreements or new joint ventures.
3. Taxation
Nigeria operates a taxation system that includes several types of taxes, such as company income tax, value-added tax (VAT), and personal income tax. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) is the tax authority responsible for administering and collecting taxes in Nigeria. Businesses must obtain a Tax Identification Number (TIN) from the FIRS and comply with their tax obligations. It is essential for businesses to keep accurate records and file tax returns promptly to avoid penalties or legal issues.
Read also: An Overview of company voluntary arrangements under CAMA 2020
4. Employment and Labor Laws
Nigeria has specific regulations governing employment and labor practices. The main legislation governing employment relationships is the Nigerian Labor Act. It covers various aspects, including employment contracts, working conditions, minimum wage, termination of employment, and employee benefits. Employers must adhere to these laws and provide safe working conditions, fair compensation, and social security benefits to their employees. It is advisable for businesses to seek legal advice or engage HR professionals to ensure compliance with labor laws.
5. Business Permit and Expatriate Quota
Section 8 of the Immigration Act provides that no person other than a citizen of Nigeria shall accept employment in Nigeria, practice a profession or establish or take over any trade or business, or register to take over any company without the consent in writing of the Minister of Internal Affairs. This Consent is what is known as a Business Permit.
Expatriate quota is the permit given to a company in Nigeria either foreign-owned or locally owned to employ a foreigner or an expatriate.
6. Registration with the National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion
The NOTAP Act established the National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP). The Act mandates that all commercial contracts and agreements involving the transfer of foreign technology into Nigeria be registered by firms involved with such transfers no later than 60 days after their execution or conclusion[iv]. The office was established to keep an eye on all problems with the importation of foreign technology into Nigeria. It ensures that investors have the necessary licenses to utilize trademarks and intellectual inventions in addition to registering and overseeing the execution of contracts involving the transfer of technology.
7. Intellectual Property Protection
Protecting intellectual property (IP) is crucial for businesses operating in Nigeria. The Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC) is responsible for copyright protection, while the Trademarks, Patents, and Designs Registry oversees trademark, patent, and industrial design registrations. To safeguard their IP, businesses should consider registering trademarks, patents, and copyrights to prevent unauthorized use or infringement. It is also essential to conduct thorough due diligence to ensure the uniqueness and availability of the proposed IP.
8. Foreign Exchange Regulations
Nigeria operates a foreign exchange control regime, overseen by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The CBN regulates the inflow and outflow of foreign currency and sets the exchange rate policy. Businesses must comply with foreign exchange regulations when repatriating profits, making international payments, or converting foreign currencies. It is crucial to understand the applicable rules and engage authorized financial institutions for foreign exchange transactions.
9. Sector-Specific Regulations
Certain industries in Nigeria are subject to sector-specific regulations. For instance, the banking and financial services sector is regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria, while the telecommunications sector is overseen by the Nigerian Communications Commission. These regulatory bodies set guidelines, licensing requirements, and standards specific to each industry. Businesses operating in such sectors must obtain the necessary licenses, comply with regulatory standards, and stay updated with any changes or new requirements.
Conclusion
Doing business in Nigeria requires navigating various regulatory frameworks, which can initially seem complex. However, understanding and complying with these regulations is essential for long-term success and sustainability. From company registration to taxation, labor laws, intellectual property protection, foreign exchange control, and sector-specific regulations, businesses must proactively engage with the relevant government agencies, seek professional advice, and stay updated on changes in the regulatory landscape. By doing so, businesses can operate in Nigeria smoothly, harness its immense potential, and contribute to its economic growth.
[i] www.Worldometers.info accessed on the 10th of July 2023
[ii] www.nipc-nigeria.org
[iii] Nigeria Investment Promotion Commission
[iv] Section 5(2) NOTAP Act
Written by Olawunmi Ojo for The Trusted Advisors
Email us: [email protected]